The Big Bang Creates the Universe

Posted on Wednesday 01/09/2008 Creating the Universe

Gravity: Be clear about gravity. Combining bodies of mass also combines the gravity associated with those masses. The singularity brings the total gravity available in the Universe to concentrate on the total mass of matter available to the Universe. It is a maximum statement for gravity. However, gravity has its opposite, -- energy! Without a great release of energy, there could not have been a universal expansion.

Acknowledgment: My hat is off to those working to understand cosmic processes. I realize that the issues with cosmic creation are complicated. My presentation is based in logic as only a nonprofessional in the cosmic sciences can explore. Professional cosmologists seem to be limited with their explanations causing them to drift into the absurdity. The scientific method can be both a blessing as well as a curse. In the case of cosmology, it is my opinion that logic has left the researchers. They have developed this need to cloak their inability to explain phenomenon with terrifically complicated, way out theories that others try to prove and disprove with intense mathematics. I have been programming computers long enough to know that scenario modeling is no better than the algorithms developed for them.

So without a shred of caring what others may think, this presentation combines logic along with science. I wrote this essay to present a logical format that might be possible without far out crutches such as dark energy, dark matter, strings, and other proposed explanations of cosmic phenomena. It in no way attempts to explain the intricacies involved in the observed phenomena. Rather, it presents a simplistic overview of a possibility that the 'Big Crunch' (if there was a 'Big Crunch') released enough energy to cause the 'recreation' of the Universe.

Origin of Energy: As a logical pursuit, there had to be a source for the energy that caused the expansion to take place. It is an easy assumption that if all matter were in one place, then gravity would be at its maximum value possible, as there is no more mass available. So with so much gravity, it begs the question, "Where did the energy come from to overcome such tremendous gravitational forces?" I offer two suggestions.

1. Matter transformed into energy which decreased the overall mass, thus weakening the gravitational force. -or---

2. The great crunch compacted matter so much that the atoms were broken up and released enough energy to destabilize the singularity. We get much the same result when we split the atom, only on a much smaller scale.

Either way, the singularity would have had only a brief existence. Either energy source would have the same consequences. The one high note in either of the energy methods is that both are possible. There is no esoteric far out explanation, just a statement of real possibility.

Some space notes: Space is neither hot nor cold; pure space is just areas devoid of matter. Characteristics such as pressure and temperature can only be associated with matter. When an entity generates waves of energy, those waves continue indefinitely unless the waves run into matter or other waves and get reflected, absorbed, or just pass through with no interaction. A reflected wave loses some of its energy. Waves that are absorbed lose their energy to the body that absorbs it.

Entropy: Entropy is the transfer of energy from one body to another. Entropy affects everything in the Universe. Extending the process to its inevitable end, energy distribution will equalize. The energy has not been lost, just very widely distributed and irretrievable. It is an illusion to think that there is an actual loss of energy. The energy released in the great crunch begins to expand the Universe but this energy degrades as it interacts. It doesn't matter the method of energy creation, the result is still the same.

Assuming the process transformed matter into energy, as the energy distributes itself by interaction with matter and other energy waves, it transforms back into its physical form. This material may reach huge quantities as energy dilutes itself by interacting with other elements of the great expansion.

If we assume that the energy came from the destruction of atomic nuclei, then it will take the interaction of particles to dilute the energy created. Either scenario depends on entropy to spread energy levels until that energy appears to 'go away'.

Qualifications: I have no concept of the passage of time for the events in this essay, because I have no idea of how long these processes take to fulfill their destiny. But I do have faith in the process. I have no exotic math formula to prove my musings about the Universe, just faith in the logic.

The Big Bang: The assumption of the Big Bang theory is the mainstay of this presentation. Armed with nothing more than a desire for a logical understanding of how the Universe formed, I read and digested a lot of material on the subject. This essay represents my conclusions of this effort. I am not one who would invent far out explanations of observed phenomenon, but look instead for a logical way of understanding these processes. So we begin with the most nagging question of all. Where did the singularity whose expansion created the Universe come from?

Beginnings: First, we take up the end of the previous Universe. The last Universe was here long enough for entropy to run its course. The energy of the old Universe equalized throughout the Universe, and without useable energy to hold the space occupied by the Universe open, space started collapsing. Gravity was in full bloom; the Universe was collapsing because of insufficient energy to maintain it. So the Universe, with all of its space and matter retreated to a single point. As the density of this growing ball of matter increased, so did gravity and temperature. Gravity compacted the mass so hard, that matter became unrecognizable as elements that we know. The change came from compacting matter. Atoms, broken up by the great weight of all the matter of the old Universe, began to release energy. Whether the energy release was from the breakup of atom nuclei or the transformation of matter into energy is not important for this presentation.

The Great Expansion: The sudden burst of energy created instability. The loss of mass into energy meant a weakening of the gravitational force that held the singularity together. Although the vast majority of the expansion is energy, the resulting crunch did not consume all matter. The collapse of the cold lifeless matter into an energetic ball of almost pure energy would have resembled a chain reaction in speed. The sudden loss of mass or the sudden burst of energy was enough to overpower the gravitational field of the singularity. The great energy expansion became the 'Big Bang'.

Balloon Analogy: I always use the balloon analogy to illustrate gravity vs. energy. The skin of the balloon represents gravity. The pressure of the air inside will represent trapped energy. An increase of air pressure (energy) will expand the balloon and the distance between neighboring particles within the balloon becomes greater. Conversely, by allowing some of the air to escape, (energy loss) the balloon will eventually return to its preinflated state.

A Fledgling Universe: It is important to understand that the expansion was not expanding into space, but was an expanding entity creating the void of space as the expansion continued. An analogy to this would be an explosion. Explosions have the trait of expelling matter symmetrically around the explosion until the energy is dissipated and then the expanding gasses reverse to fill in the void. The point of this is to acquaint you with the idea that the Universe as we know it includes the void space between all physical matter. Think of the Universe as a seed surrounded by a gravitational shell. The seed, (energy) is growing (expanding) forcing this shell to expand. I have no idea of a time line when the energy will give out and start the reverse process, but sometime in the future it will happen. But the collapse will not happen until enough of the energy has become irretrievably locked away in the bodies that consumed it. It is at that point in time that the decrease in energy will encourage the influence of gravity and make gravity the prime mover for the Universe instead of energy.

Galaxy Formation

Galaxy Beginnings: While expanding, most of what was racing outward was energy. However, compacted bits of matter were still in existence. After all, the energizing process did not consume all of the matter. The expansion carried with it, fragmenting pieces of the compacted matter. It is with one of these bits of compacted matter that we will start our Galaxy. The very strong gravity of the great crunch compacted the matter into very dense material. But this material was only able to remain in that compacted condition as long as the super gravity was present. At the time of the great expansion, and gravity released its hold on the singularity, pieces flew out in all directions. A coiled spring is an analogy that comes to mind when describing one of those pieces or clumps of matter. When released from the shackles of the enormous gravity captor that had crushed the matter, the pieces wanted to expand. Although the pieces themselves had gravity, the energy being released was greater than the gravity field of the clump of matter.

Clumps: These dense clumps of matter were not the elements that we are familiar with. They are clumps of very densely packed sub-atomic particles formed by the big crunch. Not to dwell on these clumps, but what you need to take away about them is that they are unstable without the enormous gravity that formed them. The larger pieces broke into smaller pieces until their mass was small enough and would no longer support breaking apart.

Unstable: The clump pieces are still unstable although they no longer support breaking apart. Just as our Sun is constantly discharging particles in spite of its gravitational field, the same process was happening with those clumps of compressed matter, only on a much larger scale. They are expelling atomic particles. There is enormous gravity surrounding this mass but not enough to keep the mass stable. The clump diameters will differ but all are significant in size. They will spawn the seeds that will form Galaxies.

Hydrogen: The elemental particles spewed out by the clump bind together. Most of particles discharged are primary particles that form hydrogen gas atoms. (An electron and a proton have a natural affinity for each other,) As the hydrogen gas gets denser, pockets of the gas form and it is these pockets of dense gas that attract other hydrogen molecules. Once the clumping process begins, it is a self-propagating system.

Birthing a Star: When enough of the hydrogen has amassed, temperature and pressure will begin the fusion process that will ignite the star. I will refer to these first stars as primary stars. The main central clump is still discharging elemental particles that continue to unite and form hydrogen atoms. These first primary stars circle the primary lump at a dizzying pace.

Our Galaxy: Now we have a primordial massive clump of matter and a star formed from the gasses of the circumnuclear disk. (The Gaseous discharges orbiting around the primordial clump.) Galaxy building takes time, and essentially, we have to wait on these new solar furnaces to expend the fuel that is driving the fusion reaction of the new star. Fusion driven stars eventually expend enough of their energy to nova and collapse. The halo of unused hydrogen and other elements fused by the star is expelled. Much of this ejected material escapes outward from the original clump. Some of the ejected material is returned to the soup of matter furiously orbiting the primordial clump. I will refer to the area of matter surrounding the clump, the 'Chaotic Zone'.

The Chaotic Zone: As the clump continues to discharge energy and particles into the chaotic zone, new stars form, live their life and nova out of existence. The result is a highly charged magnetic zone consisting of both hydrogen and heavier elements such as helium and calcium. This elemental soup sets the stage for the next step in Galaxy formation.

Super Massive Stars: Stars that form from this soup, because of having some of the heavier elements at their core, won’t ignite until the star is huge. The larger the core of these heavier elements, the larger the star has to be to start the fusion process. It requires more pressure and higher temperatures to start the process, thus the massive size of these monsters. Some of these stars are so big, that when they do nova and the mass collapses inward, the pressure and temperature can be so great that it releases a great amount of energy. The result is a gamma ray burst not unlike the explosion of the ‘big bang’ just a lot smaller.

Forming the Spiral Arms: When the primary stars nova, they send ejection materials outwards. The part of the explosion that travels inward is absorbed back into the soup of the chaotic zone so this essay will only deal with the outward-bound material. Magnetic forces follow the ejected mass and other material follows these spiraling magnetic forces. The ejected material continues outward. There may be several of these nova ejections around the periphery of the chaotic zone.

Spiral Arms: Gravitational forces cause an alignment of the ejected material, by the stars that form in the midst of the ejected material. Those stars capture ejected material and form even more stars. Over time, the stars that live and die eject matter. The outward-bound ejected material eventually forms more stars that gravitationally attract more of the ejected material. This material is making its way outward from the central core. Gravitational attraction is the root of creation of those spiral arms around a galaxy. The chaotic zone is producing star clusters that either stay in the chaotic zone and nova there or thrown outwards from the chaotic zone. Either way, the trails of material leaving the chaotic zone get longer and over time, the galaxy will take on the appearance of what we see today. The overall diameter is a telltale of the galaxy’s age.

Death of a Galaxy: When the primordial clump has expended itself and no longer can continue to feed and expand the galaxy, the galaxy will essentially die. Over time, entropy will finally claim the energy and equalize its distribution until the energy is irretrievable. One postulation is that the galaxy arms contain a lot of this energy depleted matter. The Oort cloud would be a sample of matter that although trapped by the Sun’s gravity has no hope of igniting the fusion process. There is no telling how much of this low energy material is contained within the galaxy.

The Black Hole: This author rejects the accretion theory of a super black hole that is accreting the mass of the galaxy for this reason. Whenever the 'big crunch' occurred, gravity was at its strongest. Matter compressed together under a pressure that was incalculable. There is no force in the Universe that could have so compressed matter like the force of the gravity of the whole Universe. It is impossible to achieve a greater force without borrowing matter from a neighboring Universe, if one exists. Under such compression, matter is no longer stable. These compressed chunks of matter were a part of the expansion, and in the process, the very strong gravity that had compressed the matter was no longer in existence. These very dense pieces would want to expand. Those remnants of the 'big crunch' are like the boiling mayhem of dry ice in water. They would not be accreting more matter. That is why I wrote that a fragment of the “Big Bang” is at the center of each Galaxy.

The Dispersion of Matter: The matter strewn thinly all over the Universe is the product of material thrown off of the fragmenting compressed material racing outward during the great expansion. Also, the energy causing the expansion is gradually transforming back into physical particles as it expends itself. The energy that governs the Universe will be expended someday and gradually, gravity will become its ruler.

Other Thoughts

The Big Crunch: Physicists and Cosmologist tell us that the Universe is expanding at a greater rate than was previously thought. The acceleration part makes one wonder if we are not already collapsing. Has the 'big crunch' already started?

Galaxy Rotation: I for one am not convinced that the whole galaxy is rotating around its primordial clump in any Newtonian way. Another explanation may be that what we observe are masses ejected with enough force from the chaotic zone to continue the migration outward. If you have ever observed a lawn sprinkler spinning and discharging water droplets in spirals, then the concept of ejected matter forming this same pattern is easier to grasp. I will concede that there may be enough gravational attraction between elements of each spiral arm to effectively cause the arm to be drug around as the center mass is rotating. But that type of rotation is not quantifiable using Newton's Law.

The Cosmos: Our Universe is infinitely interesting and I encourage any who are curious about the machinations of our Universe to study cosmology. The more you learn, the more amazed you will be.

Cheers,
-Robert Gross-

A Special Note From the Author,
Robert Gross

The Standard Paradigm: Because of logic, the 'Big Bang' is an acceptable piece of reasoning for the creation of the Universe. My article stresses possibilities that are not a part of the everyday theories heard from within the scientific community.

The Article: The article also points out the formation of hydrogen. Compression from gravity caused ordinary atoms to lose their characteristics and become just a compressed mass of elemental particles. With such a pool of elemental particles spewing off of those super compressed pieces after losing some of the gravitational forces that compacted them, that it is an easy leap of logic to assume that hydrogen would be a natural result - given the affinity for an electron to a proton.

Gravitational Lens: The journals are abuzz about observed gravitational lensing. In my experiments, I have found that incoherent light does pass around objects, no matter their mass. It is light itself that seems want to naturally fill in the void just past an object that it is passing by. Judge the effect for yourself. Place an object about 6 ft. in front of you and hold a pencil about 6 inches in front of one eye with the other eye closed. Now observe the object carefully. You will notice a slight bend in the light as it travels to your eyes around the pencil. I am no trained observer, but I liken the light bending effect to wind rushing around an object forming a low-pressure area that the wind tries to fill. It is easy to see this light bending effect when observing the bodies in space.

Massive Stars: The death of a massive star with its flare and collapse may actually be a 'big bang' in miniature. Its collapse, representing a small version of the big crunch, is enough to release energy created by the collapse.

Space Temperature: Space has no temperature. Only matter is concerned with pressure and temperature. Space is just that, space. Matter responds to heat, space does not. While in space, you are either receiving energy from a source or you are not. The Earth owes its livable warmth to the Sun's radiation. Without that radiation from the Sun, the Earth would lose its warmth. Warmth is also a relative concept. Any entity that has a higher temperature than another is thought of as warm in comparison to the lower temperature body. All matter above absolute zero is energetic to one degree or the other. Energy (in the form of waves) that is propelling through space will strike an object. The object will gain some or all of the energy that strikes it. A wave loses its energy through interference with matter or in some cases, other waves. Energy dissipates by interacting with matter or other waves. Else, in space, the energy travels indefinitely until it interacts with something. Empty space cannot and does not interfere with the transfer of energy. Dispersion however, will spread energy from a given source. The farther away from the energy source, the thinner the energy concentration and in the case of our solar system, the outer planets have much less energy / area to work with. Hence, they are colder. Note that they are not colder because space is cold.

More notes to come,

Cheeers,
-Robert-

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